Review

Review for PSQF 6243

This serves as a non-exhaustive review for the course. These are elements that I assume you have knowledge of prior to starting the course.

  • Variable vs constant attributes
  • Types of variables (ie., nominal, ordinal, integer, ratio)
  • Descriptive Statistics (eg., mean, median, standard deviation, variance, percentiles)
  • Higher order moments (eg., skewness and kurtosis)
  • Exploring/summarizing univariate distributions (eg., histogram or density figure)
  • What is a statistical model? Why do we use them?
  • Population vs Sample

Examples

Mario Kart 64 world record data:

variable class description
track character Track name
type factor Single or three lap record
shortcut factor Shortcut or non-shortcut record
player character Player’s name
system_played character Used system (NTSC or PAL)
date date World record date
time_period period Time as hms period
time double Time in seconds
record_duration double Record duration in days
# load some libraries
library(tidyverse)
## Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 4.3.2
## Warning: package 'tidyr' was built under R version 4.3.2
## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
## ✔ dplyr     1.1.4     ✔ readr     2.1.5
## ✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.1
## ✔ ggplot2   3.5.0     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
## ✔ lubridate 1.9.3     ✔ tidyr     1.3.1
## ✔ purrr     1.0.2     
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
library(ggformula)
## Loading required package: scales
## 
## Attaching package: 'scales'
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
## 
##     discard
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
## 
##     col_factor
## 
## Loading required package: ggridges
## Warning: package 'ggridges' was built under R version 4.3.2
## 
## New to ggformula?  Try the tutorials: 
## 	learnr::run_tutorial("introduction", package = "ggformula")
## 	learnr::run_tutorial("refining", package = "ggformula")
library(lubridate)
library(mosaic)
## Warning: package 'mosaic' was built under R version 4.3.2
## Registered S3 method overwritten by 'mosaic':
##   method                           from   
##   fortify.SpatialPolygonsDataFrame ggplot2
## 
## The 'mosaic' package masks several functions from core packages in order to add 
## additional features.  The original behavior of these functions should not be affected by this.
## 
## Attaching package: 'mosaic'
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:Matrix':
## 
##     mean
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:scales':
## 
##     rescale
## 
## The following objects are masked from 'package:dplyr':
## 
##     count, do, tally
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
## 
##     cross
## 
## The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
## 
##     stat
## 
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     binom.test, cor, cor.test, cov, fivenum, IQR, median, prop.test,
##     quantile, sd, t.test, var
## 
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     max, mean, min, prod, range, sample, sum
library(e1071)

theme_set(theme_bw(base_size = 18))

# load in some data
mariokart <- readr::read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2021/2021-05-25/records.csv') %>%
    mutate(year = year(date),
           month = month(date),
           day = month(date))
## Rows: 2334 Columns: 9
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Delimiter: ","
## chr  (6): track, type, shortcut, player, system_played, time_period
## dbl  (2): time, record_duration
## date (1): date
## 
## ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.
head(mariokart)
## # A tibble: 6 × 12
##   track         type  shortcut player system_played date       time_period  time
##   <chr>         <chr> <chr>    <chr>  <chr>         <date>     <chr>       <dbl>
## 1 Luigi Raceway Thre… No       Salam  NTSC          1997-02-15 2M 12.99S    133.
## 2 Luigi Raceway Thre… No       Booth  NTSC          1997-02-16 2M 9.99S     130.
## 3 Luigi Raceway Thre… No       Salam  NTSC          1997-02-16 2M 8.99S     129.
## 4 Luigi Raceway Thre… No       Salam  NTSC          1997-02-28 2M 6.99S     127.
## 5 Luigi Raceway Thre… No       Gregg… NTSC          1997-03-07 2M 4.51S     125.
## 6 Luigi Raceway Thre… No       Rocky… NTSC          1997-04-30 2M 2.89S     123.
## # ℹ 4 more variables: record_duration <dbl>, year <dbl>, month <dbl>, day <dbl>
# univariate distribution of time
gf_histogram(~ time, data = mariokart, bins = 30) %>% 
   gf_labs(x = "Time (in seconds)")

gf_density(~ time, data = mariokart) %>% 
   gf_labs(x = "Time (in seconds)")

df_stats(~ time, data = mariokart, mean, median, sd, skewness, kurtosis, quantile(probs = c(0.1, 0.5, 0.9)))
##   response     mean median      sd skewness kurtosis   10%   50%     90%
## 1     time 90.62383  86.19 66.6721 1.771732 3.844745 31.31 86.19 171.961

Bivariate Association

cor(time ~ record_duration, data = mariokart)
## [1] -0.06736739
gf_point(time ~ record_duration, data = mariokart) %>%
  gf_labs(x = "How long the record was held",
          y = "Time (in seconds)")

Questions

  1. What is problematic about the analyses above? Why?
  2. What could be done to improve the analyses above?
Next